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1 (a)

(i) Explain the term mulching.

(ii) Give two advantages of mulching.

1 (b)

(i) Draw and label a diagram of a hydrometer.

(ii) Describe briefly how the density of a liquid is determined with a hydrometer.

1 (c)

Explain each of the following terms:

(i) Mass number

(ii) Relative atomic mass

1 (d)

(i) What is biotechnology?

(ii) Give two examples of food items that can be produced using biotechnology.

1 (e)
List the three stages involved in processing data with a computer.

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2 (a)

(i) What is a thermostat?

(ii) Name two appliances which use thermostat.

(iii) The resistance of a current-carrying conductor is 5Ω. If the potential difference across its ends is 120 V, calculate the current flowing through the conductor.

2 (b)

(i) Describe the mechanism of inhalation in humans.

(ii) State two harmful effects of smoking in humans

2 (c)
Draw the structural formulae of the isomers of C₅H₁₂ and name each of them

2 (d)
State three reasons for keeping farm records.

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3 (a)

(i) What is a polymer?

(ii) Give one example each of the following:

(α) Natural polymer
(β) Synthetic polymer

3 (b)
Explain each of the following terms as applied to poultry production:

(i) Culling

(ii) Brooding

3 (c)
Give three uses of computers in a school

3 (d)

(i) What is lymph?

(ii) State two functions of lymph.

3 (e)

(i) State the principle of floatation.

(ii) Explain the principle underlying the flying of paper kite.

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4 (a)
State two functions each of the following organs associated with digestion:

(i) Liver
(ii) Pancreas

4 (b)

(i) Name two sources of protein for feeding farm animals.

(ii) State two reasons for castrating farm animals

4 (c)

(i) Distinguish between real image and virtual image.

(ii) An object is placed 20.0 cm in front of a converging lens of focal length 15.0 cm.

(α) Draw a ray diagram to show the position of the object.
(β) Calculate the image distance.

4 (d)

(i) Why is it necessary to soften water before it is used in laundries?

(ii) Describe one method by which permanent hardness of water can be removed.

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5 (a)

(i) Name two gases that are air pollutants.

(ii) Describe briefly how a gaseous air pollutant may be spread by a moving mass of air.

5 (b)

(i) Explain how covalent bonds are formed.

(ii) Give one example each of covalent and ionic bonds.

5 (c)

(i) Give the names of three different types of joint found in humans.

(ii) Name one part of the human body where each type of joint you have named could be found.

5 (d)

(i) What is malnutrition?

(ii) State three effects of malnutrition.

31. To increase the stability of a body, the

A. body must be made heavier
B. height and base length of the body must be increased
C. base length must be increased
D. height of the body must reduced and the base length increased

D

32. The ability of the human body to resist infection by producing antibodies is known as

A. immunity
B. phagocytosis
C. mitosis
D. mutation

A

33. Ectoparasites in poultry are controlled by

A. dusting birds with chemicals
B. feeding birds with balanced ration
C. mixing drugs in feed
D. vaccinating birds with recommended drugs

A

34. An object is placed 50cm from a converging lens of focal length 15cm. The image formed is

A. real, inverted and diminished
B. real, inverted and magnified
C. real, inverted and same size as object
D. virtual, upright and magnified

B

35. Which of the following processes is an application of latent heat?

A. cooling water in a refrigerator
B. evaporation of sweat on the body
C. heating a bi-metallic strip
D. warming up water

B

36. Food substances can be prevented from growing mouldy by

I. adding sugar
II. pickling
III. Salting
IV. drying

A. I,II and III only
B. I, III and IV only
C. II, III and IV only
D. I ,II ,III and IV

D

37. Which of the following statements about fertilization in humans is true?

A. only one egg is fertilized at a time
B. it can occur at any time
C. many sperms fertilize the ovum
D. it always occurs inside the female

A

38. The best period to harvest fodder for preparing silage or hay is

A. the flowering stage
B. the flower drop stage
C. before flowering
D. after flowering

C

39. In the wiring of houses, appliances are connected in parallel to enable

A. each appliance have the same voltage
B. power to be saved
C. each appliance have the same current
D. the power to be stepped up

A

40. It is advisable to place windows of a room opposite each other in order to

A. have a wider field of view
B. allow fresh air to move through the room
C. create a humid condition in the room
D. allow enough sunshine into the room

B

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41. Which of the following processes can be described as an indigenous technology?

A. Batik making
B. crude oil extraction
C. fertilizer application
D. Shea butter extraction

D

42. The left ventricle of the heart has the thickest wall because

A. it is the largest chamber of the heart
B. it requires much pressure to pump blood to the heart
C. the blood, which gets into the left ventricle is under low pressure
D. the left ventricle has to pump blood to all parts of the body

B

43. The best procedure of applying irrigation to crops is to

A. supply just the amount the crop requires
B. mulch before watering
C. water crops everyday
D. water anytime it does not rain

C

44. When a female animal is crossed with its own offspring the process is described as

A. artificial insemination
B. inbreeding
C. natural breeding
D. out-crossing

B

45. If one bird can lay 250 eggs per year, determine the number of birds that can lay 840,000 eggs per year

A. 280
B. 2,800
C. 2,976
D. 3,360

D

46. Which of the following chemical formulae correctly represents aluminum tetraoxosulphate (VI)?

A. Al(SO₄)₂
B. Al₂SO₄
C. Al₂(SO₄)₃
D. Al₃(SO₄)₂

C

47. Copper, silver and gold are able to resist corrosion and are therefore suitable for making

A. alloys
B. coins
C. engine blocks
D. paints

A

48. Biological control of malaria involves

A. draining breeding grounds of mosquitoes
B. spraying dieldrin onto surfaces where mosquitoes settle
C. introducing fish into ponds to feed on larvae and pupae of mosquitoes
D. burying all empty tins

C

49. Which of the following processes is used in the purification of water for town supply?

A. Addition of alum to quicken the rate of sedimentation
B. Exposure to air to increase oxygen content of water
C. Filtration to remove micro-organisms
D. Pumping of water from the water station

A

50. Personal hygiene involves

I. brushing the teeth regularly
II. cutting the nails
III. Combing the hair
IV. sweeping the compound

A. I, II and III only
B. I,II and IV only
C. I,III and IV only
D. I, II,III,and IV

A

51. Which of the following ranks of organisms will have more closely related characteristics?

A. Class
B. Family
C. Genus
D. Order

C

52. Anaemia in cattle is likely to result from attack by

A. roundworms
B. tapeworms
C. ticks
D. trypanosoma

C

53. The degree of soil erosion is not affected by the

A. amount of rainfall
B. leaching of soil nutrients
C. amount of vegetation cover on the soil
D. physical nature of the soil

B

54. Which of the following statements about a bucket of water and a cup of water both 100°C is true?

A. The cup of water contains more heat energy than the water in the bucket.
B. The bucket of water will heat faster
C. Both of them have the same amount of heat energy
D. The bucket of water contains more heat energy than the cup of water

D

55. A helium nucleus has two protons. How many electrons must be present in its shell to make it a neutral atom?

A. −4
B. −2
C. +2
D. +4

C

56. Which of the following cultural practices help to conserve the forest?

A. cover cropping
B. crop rotation
C. mechanized farming
D. shifting cultivation

A

57. The following are all physical properties of matter except

A. capillarity
B. heat
C. viscosity
D. volume

B

58. Medulla oblongata is part of the

A. fore-brain
B. hind-brain
C. mid-brain
D. spinal cord

B

59. Plant diseases across borders are prevented and controlled by

A. education
B. cross breeding
C. inoculation
D. quarantining

D

60. Which of the following properties is not a feature of a secondary cell?

A. it produces an alternating current
B. it can be recharged
C. it lasts longer than a primary cell
D. it can be used for heavy duty purposes.

A

COMPREHENSION PASSAGE 1

Read the following passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

When health workers first came to the village and talked about family planning, no one took them seriously, including Amusa, whose young wife was then pregnant with their first baby. Had their fathers and forefathers before them not had as many wives and children as they desired? And have they not been able to take care of their families? So everyone shunned the family planning clinic which was established in the village shortly afterwards.

Twelve years later, Amusa was a clerical assistant in the city and lived with his wife and eight children in a single room because he could not afford larger quarters. For as long as he could remember, his large family had been going through difficult times, which appeared to be worsening lately. Only yesterday, his third child had been sent away from school because her parents could not replace her old torn school uniform. Last year, their first son could not proceed to the secondary school as the family could not afford the cost. Then recently, the landlord had announced his intention to increase the rent.

Amusa found himself thinking about the days when he himself was a young child. His own father had two wives and thirteen children, yet as far as he could remember, the family had not faced anything similar to what he was going through now. He suddenly realized that this was because the times had changed and that the requirements of modern living put great pressure on large family sizes.

His father’s time and age had been different: he had been a successful farmer in the village, had lived in his own house, employed members of his large family as farm hands and fed everyone from the abundance of the farm. On the other hand, Amusa lived in the city on a limited income. He had no farm land nor even a vegetable garden, and had to pay for everything, from his rented room to the smallest domestic needs of his family. And at four times what they cost a few years before!

It was then that he sadly remembered the health workers and their gospel of family planning. How he wished he had listened and taken their advice! Unfortunately, he had not. And what was even more unfortunate was that the millions in Amusa’s shoes became wiser only when it was too late.

Questions

(a) What advise do you think the health workers gave the villagers?

The health workers advised the villages not to have too many children.

(b) Give two reasons why the villagers did not take the health workers seriously.

1. They continued to have as many children as they wanted.
2. The villagers shunned the family planning clinic.

(c) Give two indications of Amusa’s financial difficulties.

1. He lived in a single room with his eight children.
2. He could not find the money to buy a new school uniform for his third child

(d) Mention any two differences between Amusa’s conditions and his father’s.

1. His father had been a successful farmer and fed his large family from the produce of his own farm but Amusa had no farm and had to buy all foodstuffs.

2. His father lived in his own house with his family while he Amusa was living in a rented room.

(e) And what was even more unfortunate.........

(i) What grammatical name is given to this expression as it is used in the passage?

Noun Clause

(ii) What does it mean?

It means that Amusa was not alone in that situation.

(f) And had they not been able to take care of their families?

(i) What literary device is used in this expression?

Rhetorical question.

(ii) What does it mean?

They had been able to take care of their families.

(g) For each of the following words or phrases, find another word or phrase which means the same and can replace it as it is used in the passage:

(i) shunned -- paid no attention to
(ii) established -- set up
(iii) announced -- given notice
(iv) going through -- experiencing
(v) limited -- meagre
(vi) shoes -- situation

1. What is a Quadratic Equation?

A quadratic equation is an equation where the highest power of the variable is 2.

General form:

ax^2 + bx + c = 0

Where: a \neq 0

and

a, b, c are numbers

x is the unknown (variable).

Examples:

x^2 + 5x + 6 = 0 2x^2 - 7x + 3 = 0 x^2 - 9 = 0

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Not quadratic:

x^3 + 2x = 0 (power is 3 ❌)

Not quadratic:  5x - 4 = 0 (power is 1 ❌)

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2. Ways to Solve Quadratic Equations

For beginners, we learn 3 main methods:

1. Factorisation (easiest)
2. Square root method
3. Quadratic formula

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METHOD 1: FACTORISATION

Steps:

1. Write the equation in the form

ax^2 + bx + c = 0

2. Factorise the quadratic expression
3. Set each bracket equal to zero
4. Solve for x

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Example 1:

x^2 + 5x + 6 = 0

Step 1: Factorise

Find two numbers that:

• multiply to +6
• add to +5

Those numbers are 2 and 3

(x + 2)(x + 3) = 0

Step 2: Set each bracket to zero

x + 2 = 0 \quad \text{or} \quad x + 3 = 0

Step 3: Solve for x to get:

x = -2 \quad \text{or} \quad x = -3

✅ Answer: x = -2, -3

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Example 2:

x^2 - 7x + 10 = 0

Numbers that multiply to +10 and add to –7 are –5 and –2

(x - 5)(x - 2) = 0

Set each bracket equal to zero:

x - 5 = 0

Add 5 to both sides to get x = 5

The second bracket:

x - 2 = 0

Add 2 to both sides to get x = 2

So x = 5 \quad \text{or} \quad x = 2

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THERE IS MORE IN THE FULL MEMBERS AREA

What are Rational Numbers?

A rational number is any number that can be written in the form:

\frac{p}{q} \quad \text{where } p, q \in \mathbb{Z} \text{ and } q \neq 0

p = numerator
q = denominator

Examples

(a) \frac{3}{4} (b) -\frac{7}{5} (c) 2 = \frac{2}{1} (d) 0 = \frac{0}{1}

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Not Rational

(i) \sqrt{2} (ii) \pi (iii) 0.333\ldots (recurring without pattern)

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Types of Rational Numbers

(a) Integers

All integers are rational numbers:
-3 = \frac{-3}{1}, \quad 5 = \frac{5}{1}

(b) Fractions

Proper fraction:\frac{3}{5} Improper fraction: \frac{7}{4} Mixed number: 1\frac{3}{4}

(c) Terminating Decimals

Decimals that end:
0.25 = \frac{1}{4}, \quad 0.6 = \frac{3}{5}

(d) Recurring (Repeating) Decimals

Decimals with a repeating pattern:
0.\overline{3} = \frac{1}{3}, \quad 0.\overline{12} = \frac{4}{33}

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CONVERTING BETWEEN FORMS

(a) Converting Fraction to Decimal

Divide numerator by denominator.

Example

\frac{3}{4} = 0.75

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(b) Converting Terminating Decimal to Fraction

Write over a power of 10 and simplify.

Example

0.2 = \frac{2}{10} = \frac{1}{5}

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(c) Converting Recurring Decimal to Fraction

Let the number equal (x).

Example

x = 0.\overline{6} 10x = 6.\overline{6} 10x - x = 6 9x = 6 \Rightarrow x = \frac{2}{3}

Indigenous knowledge refers to the ideas, skills, and ideas developed by societies and their histories of interaction with their natural surroundings. They included: oral traditions and storytelling, herbal medicine and healing practices, agricultural practices, ecological wisdom, art and artisanry, music, dance, and rituals. The Africans applied this indigenous knowledge through metalworking to manufacture farming tools, carving canoes etc.

Indigenous technology refers to the traditional, local, and knowledge-based technologies that have been developed over generations by indigenous communities. Indigenous technology helped the people in the areas of transportation, trade, communication and irrigation. This led to the development of complex societies, economic prosperity, and cultural exchange.

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Meaning of Indigenous Knowledge

Before we go on to explain what indigenous knowledge is, we would like you to think about the following questions. How did our ancestors discover their foods and medicinal plants? How were the fisherfolks and farmers able to determine the best time to go fishing or to grow crops? How were they able to make their farming tools for farming or fishing tools for fishing? What informed them to do the above is what we are referring to as indigenous knowledge.

Indigenous knowledge refers to the thoughts, skills, beliefs, and values created by members of a particular society from their history and interaction with their environment. It covers a rich body of observations, oral and written knowledge, innovations, practices, and beliefs that have been with the people since their existence. Examples are the use of the sun’s position to determine time, the use of storytelling to teach moral values, the creation of ancestral thickets to protect vegetation, mountains and animals and the reliance on witchdoctors, spiritualists, soothsayers or traditional healers for the diagnoses and cure of diseases.

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Indigenous Technology

Indigenous technology refers to the techniques, tools, crafts, and systems developed by the local communities to solve their problems. This technology is special to specific cultures and has been used for various purposes such as food production, hunting, fishing, construction, and medicine. For example, in transportation, our great-grandparents started on foot, then to the use of animals, canoes etc. This technology was developed by trial and error, observation, and close relationships with the environment.

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Ancient Africans created their own indigenous technologies using their own indigenous knowledge. Some of these indigenous technologies included: metalworking, irrigation systems, transportation, weaving and carving however, in this section, we are going to consider the first three.

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METALWORKING

One major indigenous technology of the ancient African was metalworking. It started in Egypt before spreading to other communities including modern-day Mali, Niger, Mauritania, and Ghana. The first raw material used was copper, and later gold, however when iron was discovered it became the number one raw material for the ancient Africans. The process of metalworking started with the mining of the ore, smelting, or melting and fabrication.

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The Impact of Metalworking on the ancient Africa

1. Creation of Empires and Kingdoms

Metal weapons and tools produced from metalworking led to the creation and expansion of kingdoms and empires. Kingdoms such as the Kush and the Nok Culture in West Africa had military advantages over the other groups using metal weapons and tools allowing them to expand their territories and influence.
Promotion of Mining

Mining was promoted by metalworking in ancient Africa. Before the invention of the metal tools, our ancestors relied on the alluvial method of mining, However, when the metal tools were made, they used them to dig the ground for gold. Some even broke the gold ore into rocks with their metal tools. This in the end promoted gold production in ancient Africa.
Promotion of trade

Metalworking played a key role in promoting trade in ancient Africa. They provided the artisans with the right tools to produce artefacts, farming tools, weapons, and jewellery which the people needed at the time. Therefore, people moved to these areas and exchanged goods like salt, and textiles for them. Again, the minting of gold coins also promoted trade among the ancient Africans.

2. Promotion of Agriculture

Metalworking promoted the growth of agriculture in ancient Africa. The manufacturing of farming tools such as, sickles, hoes, axes, and ploughs led to the cultivation of larger areas of land. it also led to the rearing and keeping of some animals in the home by providing wires and sheets for fencing. This led to an increase in food production which supported population growth.

3. Cultural Exchange

Metalworking promoted cultural exchange in ancient Africa. Through the exchange of goods, the people exchanged their culture. For instance, a textile from West Africa will be exchanged for a necklace from North Africa, while a dress from the East will be exchanged for food from the North or Asia.

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ACTIVITY

How did the following minerals promote development in Ancient Africa?

Copper
Iron
Gold

The ancient African continent had a lot of geographical features which include deserts, savannah, swamps, rainforests, plateaus, mountains, rivers, lakes, valleys, and highlands.

The Nile River played a crucial role in supporting ancient Egyptian civilisation while the Congo River facilitated trade and communication. The Sahara Desert shaped Sahara societies around the oases.

The ways of life of our great-grandmothers and fathers were influenced and shaped by their geographical features and climate change.

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The ancient African continent had a lot of geographical features and ecosystems which supported agriculture and the people. The highlands provided different agro-ecological conditions and supported the cultivation of a variety of crops. These geographical conditions brought about a transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agricultural communities. Factors such as high population growth and climate change affected food security among ancient Africans. Sadly, these same problems are causing threats to the survival of the modern African. We need to understand how important these geographical features and resources are to our survival as Africans and the need to protect them.

**Write all the physical things in your surrounding that were created by nature.**

The geographical features of Ghana include the sea, rivers, (Pra, Ankobrah, Tano, Volta, Densu, Oti, Bia, etc.), mountains (Akwapim-Togo Range, Gambaga Escarpment, Mampong Scarp, Afadja, etc.), and vegetation (savannah, forest, coastal).

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Some geographical features of Africa

Our continent is blessed with a lot of rivers, highlands, valleys, deserts, rainforests, islands, and oceans. Examples of them are the Nile River, the Sahara Desert, the Ethiopian Highlands, the Great Rift Valley, the Namib Desert, the Congo Basin (forest) and the Madagascar Island. In this section, we are going to discuss the first four examples, namely the Nile River, the Sahara Desert, the Ethiopian Highlands, and the Great Rift Valley.

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Nile River

The Nile River is the longest in the world and can be found in Africa. It flows through eleven countries in Africa which are Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Burundi, Tanzania, Rwanda, Uganda, Sudan, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Eritrea. The Nile played a very vital role in the development of ancient civilisations and continues to be useful to millions of people living along its banks on the continent. It is the longest river in the world, flowing northward through northeastern Africa for about 6,650 kilometres (4,130 miles). It passes through countries like Uganda, Sudan, and Egypt before emptying into the Mediterranean Sea. The Nile has been vital to the civilizations that developed along its banks, providing water for irrigation, transport, and agriculture. Ancient Egypt, for example, flourished because of the Nile, which made the desert land fertile and allowed for the growth of crops like wheat and barley. Ancient Egyptians relied on the annual flooding of the Nile, called the inundation, which deposited nutrient-rich silt onto their farmlands, making it possible to grow enough food to support large cities.

Sahara Desert

The Sahara is the largest hot desert in the world, stretching across North Africa. It consists of vast stretches of dunes, rocky plateaus, and oases. It spans across parts of Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco, Niger, Sudan, and Tunisia. Despite the harsh conditions in this area, it supports different plant and animal lives. The plant life includes drought-resistant species such as acacias, palms, and succulents; while animal species include camels, desert foxes, Fennec foxes, gazelles, various reptiles, and insects.

The Ethiopian Highlands

This is also known as the Ethiopian Plateau. They are a vast mountainous region located in the Horn of Africa (Somalia Peninsula) within the borders of Ethiopia, but also stretching into parts of Eritrea and Sudan. It is made of steep cliffs, deep valleys, and big plateaus.

The Great Rift Valley

The Great Rift Valley is a big geographical feature that covers 6000km from the Middle East to East Africa. It is one of the most unique geographic formations on Earth with unique geological trenches, rifts, and faults. It has rich biodiversity made up of montane forests, savannah grasslands, wetlands, and freshwater lakes as well as, diverse endemic species and important wildlife habitats. This is a fascinating geographical feature that spans multiple countries in Africa. In Kenya, it is home to Lake Nakuru, which is famous for its vast flocks of flamingos and diverse wildlife. The surrounding escarpments (long steep slopes at the edge of a plateau) also offer breathtaking views for tourists and hikers. The Great Rift Valley is a prime example of the breathtaking landscapes and natural wonders created by tectonic plate movements.

Kalahari Desert

This is a vast semi-arid sandy savanna that stretches across Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. Unlike typical deserts, the Kalahari receives some rainfall, allowing for more vegetation than in extremely deserts. It is the home to various wildlife, such as meerkats, giraffes and lions. The San people, also known as the Bushmen, have lived in the Kalahari for thousands of years, adapting to its harsh environment by practicing hunting and gathering. The Kalahari’s Okavango Delta, in the Kalahari Desert, is a seasonal swamp which supports diverse wildlife during the rainy season. This makes it an important area for conservation and tourism.

Sahara Desert

This is the largest hot desert in the world, covering much of North Africa, including Algeria, Egypt, Libya, and Morocco. Its vast dunes, rocky plateaus and extreme temperatures make it a challenging environment. Despite the harsh conditions, several oases support life, allowing plants and animals like camels, scorpions, and date palms to survive. Historically, the Sahara has been a major trade route, where camel caravans transported goods like salt, gold, and spices. The ancient city of Timbuktu in Mali was a key trade centre on the edge of the Sahara, connecting West Africa with Mediterranean markets.

Mountain Kilimanjaro

It is the tallest mountain in Africa, standing at 5,895 meters (19,341 feet) above sea level. Located in Tanzania, it is a free-standing volcanic mountain with three cones: Kibo, Mawenzi, and Shira. The mountain is a popular destination for hikers and climbers due to its snow-capped peak, even though it is near the equator. The mountain’s slopes support different ecosystems, ranging from tropical rainforests to alpine deserts, and are home to animals such as elephants, leopards, and colobus monkeys. Kilimanjaro’s melting glaciers are a major concern, as they have been shrinking due to climate change. The ice cap that once covered its peak may disappear entirely within the next few decades.

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Write five (5) geographical features in your community. Consider how this helps or hinders your community.

1. Biological control of malaria involves

A. draining breeding grounds of mosquitoes
B. spraying surfaces on which mosquitoes settle with insecticides
C. introducing fish into ponds to feed on larvae of mosquitoes
D. burying empty cans

2. A feeding association in which one partner benefits while the other loses is called

A. commercialism
B. mutualism
C. parasitism
D. symbiosis

3. The contraction of the biceps muscles in humans is likely to result in

A. straightening of the forearm
B. bending of the forearm
C. contraction of the triceps
D. movement of the scapula inwards towards the sternum

4. The role of oxygen in seed germination is to

A. provide energy for cell division and growth
B. soften the seed coat
C. dissolve the stored food
D. transport food substances to site of growth

5. Ectopic pregnancy in humans may result in

I. rupture of the fallopian tube
II. bleeding
III. weakness of the abdominal walls

A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

6. One of the functions of the human vertebral column is to

A. enclose and protect the brain
B. form a hollow to accommodate the heart
C. hold the lungs in position
D. support the head

7. The function of the pancreatic juice in the digestive system of humans is to breakdown

I. starch to sugars
II. proteins to peptides
III. fats to fatty oils and glycerol
IV. peptides to amino acids

Which of the statements above are correct?

A. I and II only
B. III and IV only
C. I, II and III only
D. II, III and IV only

8. Grafting is a technique in crop production in which a

A. scion and a bud are joined together
B. scion and a root stick are joined together
C. stem and a root stick are joined together
D. stem and scion are joined together

9. Nerve impulses are carried into a nerve cell in humans by the

A. synapse
B. dendrite
C. mitochondrion
D. myelin sheath

10. Which of the following functions is/are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum of a living cell?

I. supports the ribosomes
II. provides large surface area for chemical reaction
III. provides mechanical support in the cytoplasm

A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

11. An organism used in the production of alcoholic beverages is

A. bacterium
B. protozoan
C. virus
D. yeast

12. Which of the following groups of characteristics in humans is classified as phenotype?

A. Eye colour and height
B. Eye colour and blood group
C. Height and sickle cell
D. Blood group and height

13. Which of the following plant seeds undergo hypogeal germination?

A. Cowpea
B. Flamboyant
C. Maize
D. Castor oils

14. The volumetric flask is used in the laboratory to

A. prepare standard solution
B. separate a mixture of immiscible liquids
C. carry out simple distillation
D. dry substances

15. Water is referred to as universal solvent because it

A. dissolves most substances
B. changes blue litmus solution to red
C. reacts with base to produce
D. has pH of 7

16. Alpha decay involves the emission of

A. electrons
B. neutrons
C. helium nuclei
D. gamma rays

17. Hydrolysis of fats and oils in the presence of a base results in the production of

A. soapy detergent and glycerol
B. soapless detergent and glycerol
C. soapy detergent and alcohol
D. soap and fatty acids

18. Radio isotopes ae used in

I. treatment of cancer
II. food preservation
III. pest control
IV. plant breeding

Which of the statements above are correct?

A. I, II and III only.
B. I, II and IV only
C. II, III and IV only
D. I, II, III and IV

19. Given that the Avogadro's constant is 6.02 × 1023, determine the number of atoms in 0.01 moles of a substance

A. 6.02 × 1020 atoms
B. 6.02 × 1021 atoms
C. 6.02 × 1023 atoms
D. 6.02 × 1024 atoms

20. An object is placed 150 cm in front of a vertical plane mirror. The image formed is

A. same size as the object
B. situated 150 cm from the object
C. real and erect
D. diminished

In each of the following sentences, there is a word or group of words underlined and one gap. From the list of words lettered A to D. Choose the one that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the underlined word or group of words and that will, at the same time, correctly fill the gap in the sentence.

1. The leader of the delegation was commended for the manner in which he handled the matter, while their hosts were............

A. applauded
B. praised
C. criticized
D. sanctioned

Answer: C

2. Musa is very frugal, whereas his friend Audu is............

A. misery
B. thrifty
C. precocious
D. extravagant

D

3. Taiwo's flamboyance and Kehinde's............ often keep people wondering if they are really twins.

A. modesty
B. arrogance
C. timidity
D. pretension

A

4. People enjoy stories with............ settings rather than those with far-fetched background

A. practical
B. realistic
C. artificial
D. undefined

B

5. We were asked to reach a compromise and not start another............

A. accusation
B. concession
C. controversy
D. issue

C

6. He was promoted for his efficiency, while his colleague was demoted for............

A. ability
B. lateness
C. incompetence
D. capability

C

7. Oken's business is flourishing while his father's is............

A. declining
B. progressing
C. withering
D. vanishing

A

8. You should be............ so as not to be caught unawares.

A. serious
B. sober
C. ready
D. alert

D

9. The manager who was sacked last month has been............

A. retired
B. suspended
C. reinstated
D. promoted

C

10. The school authorities expected the contributions to be............ rather than compulsory.

A. willful
B. voluntary
C. deliberate
D. outright

B

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From the letters A to D, choose the words that best completes each of the following sentences.

11. The............ programme against childhood diseases has ended.

A. injection
B. vaccination
C. immunization
D. harmonization

C

12. The accused stated............ that he was innocent of the crime.

A. unequivocally
B. feebly
C. ashamedly
D. excitedly

A

13. The doctor's............ was that the patient was suffering from cancer.

A. prediction
B. verdict
C. diagnosis
D. analysis

C

14. I was advised to open a............ account with the bank if I wanted to pay with cheques.

A. savings
B. deposit
C. loans
D. current

D

15. The pastor addressed his............ in a sonorous voice.

A. audience
B. masses
C. spectators
D. congregation

D

16. Many African leaders try to cling............ to power.

A. tenaciously
B. judiciously
C. economically
D. socially

A

17. The civilian head of state was............ in a military coup d'etat.

A. discharged
B. ousted
C. empowered
D. enthroned

B

18. After much debate on the controversial issue, the meeting was............ till the next morning.

A. postponed
B. proscribed
C. adjourned
D. delayed

C

19. The company distributed gifts to its staff as an............ to hard work.

A. incentive
B. inception
C. interest
D. induction

A

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After each of the following sentences, a list of possible interpretations is given. Choose the interpretation that you consider most appropriate for each sentence.

20. Bukola has an infectious smile. This means that Bukola............

A. spreads infection when she smiles
B. has sores in her teeth
C. make others smile when she smiles
D. become infected when she smiles

C

21. It is cold comfort to tell a hungry man that starvation improves health. This means that telling a hungry man this is............

A. frightening
B. consoling
C. unhelpful
D. hypocritical

C

22. Nonso's father gave him a free hand to run the family business. This means that his father............

A. assisted him freely
B. allows him to make his own decision
C. made him sole owner of the business
D. allow him freedom of movement in the premises

B

23. Audu was certainly born with a silver spoon in his mouth. This means that............

A. he was born into a rich family
B. his parent gave him silver spoon when he was born
C. he was born in the age of miracle
D. his parent could not help him

A

24. You must be speaking with your tongue in your cheek. This means that you............

A. you must be very serious
B. must be thinking of something else
C. have food in your mouth
D. don't mean what you are saying

D

25. The manager hit the roof when he was presented with a huge estimate for the new project. This means that the manager............

A. became very suspicious
B. threw an object at the roof
C. became very angry
D. ordered the project to be started at once

C

26. Her reproaches cut him to the quick. This means that he............

A. was made to act quickly
B. was wounded
C. was deeply hurt
D. began to speak angrily

C

27. The girl went scot-free even though she started the fight. This means the girl was............

A. punished
B. unpunished
C. expelled from school
D. free to move about

B

28. This secretary's vote of thanks did not ring true. This means that the vote of thanks was............

A. full of praise
B. not audible
C. not sincere
D. well delivered

C

29. Mary Onyali won the race by a hair's breadth. This means that Mary won............

A. convincingly
B. narrowly
C. comfortably
D. luckily

B

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From the words or group of words lettered A to D below each of the following sentences, choose the word that is nearest in meaning to the underlined words as it is used in the sentence.

30. The criminal was incarcerated.

A. arrested
B. pardoned
C. imprisoned
D. cautioned

C

31. The manager soon found out that my sister was a competent typist.

A. patient
B. capable
C. hardworking
D. careless

B

32. At the inception of his administration, the Governor was very popular.

A. end
B. beginning
C. dissolution
D. peak

B

33. The business anticipated the collapse of the bank.

A. prevented
B. caused
C. foresaw
D. pre-empted

C

34. The plaintiff was dissatisfied with the decision of the court.

A. solicitor
B. accused
C. complainant
D. respondent

C

35. The judge was incorruptible.

A. frank
B. unreliable
C. incorrigible
D. honest

D

36. Mr Preye is a stern father.

A. wicked
B. loving
C. conservation
D. strict

D

37. My first son is an unusually audacious boy.

A. daring
B. clever
C. cowardly
D. mischievous

A

38. Amina often makes derogatory remarks about her husband.

A. arrogant
B. belittling
C. laudable
D. discreet

B

Read the following passage carefully and answer, in your own words as far as possible, the question that follows.

Poverty! Can anyone who has not really been poor know what poverty is? I really doubt it. How can anyone who enjoys three square meals a day explain what poverty means? Indeed can someone who has two full meals a day claim to know poverty? Perhaps, one begins to grasp the full meaning of poverty when one struggles really hard to have one miserable meal in twenty-four hours. Poverty and hunger are cousins, the former always dragging along the latter wherever he chooses to go.

If you were wearing a suit, or a complete traditional attire, and you look naturally rotund in your apparel, you cannot understand what poverty entails. Nor can you have a true feel of poverty if you have some good shirts and pairs of trousers, never mind that all these are casual wear. Indeed, if you can change one dress into another, and these are all you can boast of, you are not really poor. A person begins to have a true feel of what poverty means when, apart from the tattered clothes on his body, he doesn’t have any other; not even calico to keep away the cold at night.

Let us face it, can anyone who has never slept outside, in the open, appreciate the full, harsh import of homelessness? Yet that is what real, naked poverty is. He who can lay claim to a house, however humble, cannot claim to be poor. Indeed, if he can afford to rent a flat, or a room in town or city, without the landlord having cause to eject him, he cannot honestly claim to be poor. The really poor man has no roof over his head, and this is why you find him under a bridge, in a tent or simply in the vast open air.

But that is hardly all. The poor man faces the world as a hopeless underdog. In every bargain, every discussion, every event involving him and others, the poor man is constantly reminded of his failure in life. Nobody listens attentively when he makes a point, nobody accepts that his opinion merits consideration. So in most cases, he learns to accept that he has neither wisdom nor opinion.

The pauper’s lot naturally rubs off on his child who is subject not only to hunger of the body but also of the mind. The pauper lacks the resources to send his child to school. And even in communities where education is free, the pauper’s child still faces an uphill task because the hunger of the body impedes the proper nourishment of the mind.

Denied access to modern communications media, the poor child has very little opportunity to understand the concepts taught him. His mind is rocky soil on which the teacher’s seeds cannot easily germinate. Thus embattled at home and then at school, the pauper’s child soon has very little option but to drop out of school.

That is still not all. Weakened by hunger, embattled by cold and exposure to the elements, feeding on poor water and poor food, the pauper is an easy target for diseases. This is precisely why the poorest countries have the shortest life expectancies while the longest life expectancies are recorded among the richest countries. Poverty is really a disease that shortens life!

Question

In six sentences, one for each, summarize the problems of the poor man.